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How to apply fertilizer outside wheat roots
In the later stages of wheat development, root activity declines, and their ability to absorb nutrients weakens significantly. At this point, applying fertilizer through the roots becomes less effective. Meanwhile, some essential nutrients like phosphorus often become deficient. To maintain optimal levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, foliar application—also known as top dressing—becomes crucial. This method helps extend the functional period of leaves, prevents early aging, enhances photosynthesis, and ultimately boosts grain yield and quality.
Top dressing is especially beneficial because it compensates for the reduced root absorption capacity. It allows plants to directly take up nutrients through the leaf surface, which can be more efficient than relying solely on soil fertilization. Moreover, it helps avoid issues such as excessive nitrogen leading to delayed maturity. When applied correctly, top dressing is both cost-effective and highly impactful.
The choice of fertilizer for top dressing should be based on two key factors: “looking at the sky†and “looking at the ground.†“Looking at the sky†means considering weather conditions. It’s best to apply foliar fertilizers on windless, sunny days for maximum effectiveness. Additionally, spraying can be combined with disease and pest control measures to maximize benefits.
“Looking at the ground†involves assessing the crop’s condition, soil nutrient levels, and growth stage. For example, during the heading to milk ripening stage, if the leaves turn yellow or show signs of premature aging, it’s a clear signal that the field needs nitrogen. Applying 50–60 kg of a 1%–2% urea solution or a 2%–4% ammonium sulfate solution per acre can significantly boost yields, typically increasing production by 5% to 10%, and up to 20% in high-yield fields.
In high-yielding wheat fields without signs of premature aging, nitrogen top dressing is usually unnecessary. Similarly, in late-maturing wheat, no nitrogen is typically applied. Instead, a 0.2%–0.4% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution or 5% turfgrass ash water (50–60 kg per mu) can be sprayed, resulting in a noticeable yield increase. Tests have shown that this can raise 1000-grain weight by 1–3 grams, with overall yield increases of 5% or more, and up to 15% in high-yield areas.
For phosphorus-deficient wheat fields that already have excess nitrogen, applying a 2%–4% superphosphate solution or a 0.2%–0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution (50–60 kg per acre) can improve grain filling and increase 1000-grain weight. In medium and low-yield fields, combining nitrogen and phosphorus sprays has proven very effective in promoting grain development and delaying plant senescence.
Finally, it's important to monitor the weather forecast. If dry hot winds are expected, all types of wheat fields should be promptly sprayed with potassium dihydrogen phosphate or ash water to protect against damage. This proactive approach ensures better resilience and healthier crops.