In chemical batteries, the direct conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy is the result of spontaneous chemical reactions such as oxidation and reduction inside the battery. This reaction is carried out on two electrodes. The negative electrode active material is composed of a reducing agent having a relatively low potential and being stable in the electrolyte, such as an active metal such as zinc, cadmium or lead, and hydrogen or a hydrocarbon. The positive active material is composed of an oxidizing agent having a positive potential and being stable in the electrolyte, such as metal oxides such as manganese dioxide, lead dioxide, and nickel oxide, oxygen or air, halogens and salts thereof, oxyacids and salts thereof, and the like. . The electrolyte is a material having good ionic conductivity, such as an aqueous solution of an acid, a base, a salt, an organic or inorganic nonaqueous solution, a molten salt or a solid electrolyte. When the external circuit is disconnected, there is a potential difference (open circuit voltage) between the two poles, but there is no current, and the chemical energy stored in the battery is not converted into electric energy. When the external circuit is closed, a current flows through the external circuit under the action of the potential difference between the two electrodes. At the same time, inside the battery, due to the absence of free electrons in the electrolyte, the transfer of charge is inevitably accompanied by oxidation or reduction of the interface between the bipolar active material and the electrolyte, and migration of the reactants and reaction products. The transfer of charge in the electrolyte is also accomplished by the migration of ions. Therefore, the normal charge transfer and mass transfer process inside the battery is a necessary condition for ensuring normal output of electric energy. When charging, the direction of the internal power transmission and mass transfer process of the battery is exactly opposite to the discharge; the electrode reaction must be reversible to ensure the normal mass transfer and transmission process in the opposite direction. Therefore, the reversible electrode reaction is a necessary condition for constituting a battery . G is the Gibbs reaction free energy increment (joule); F is Faraday constant = 96500 library = 26.8 ampere-hour; n is the equivalent number of battery reactions. This is the basic thermodynamic relationship between the battery electromotive force and the battery reaction, and is the basic thermodynamic equation for calculating the energy conversion efficiency of the battery. In fact, when current flows through the electrode, the electrode potential deviates from the thermodynamically balanced electrode potential, a phenomenon known as polarization. The greater the current density (the current passing through the unit electrode area), the more severe the polarization. Polarization is one of the important causes of battery energy loss. battery There are three reasons for polarization: 1 The polarization caused by the resistance of each part of the battery is called ohmic polarization; 2 The polarization caused by the blockage of the charge transfer process in the electrode-electrolyte interface layer is called activation polarization; 3 The polarization caused by the slow mass transfer process in the electrode-electrolyte interface layer is called concentration polarization. The method of reducing the polarization is to increase the electrode reaction area, reduce the current density, increase the reaction temperature, and improve the catalytic activity of the electrode surface. 2, performance parameters content The main performance of the battery includes electromotive force, rated capacity, rated voltage, open circuit voltage, internal resistance, charge and discharge rate, impedance, lifetime and self-discharge rate. Electromotive force The electromotive force is the difference between the equilibrium electrode potentials of the two electrodes. Taking a lead-acid battery as an example, E=Ф+0-Ф-0+RT/F*In(αH2SO4/αH2O). Of which: E-electromotive force Ф+0—positive standard electrode potential, which is 1.690V Ф-0—Negative standard electrode potential, which is -0.356V R—general gas constant, which is 8.314 T—temperature, related to the temperature at which the battery is placed F—Faraday constant, the value is 96485 αH2SO4—the activity of sulfuric acid, related to the concentration of sulfuric acid αH2O—the activity of water, related to the concentration of sulfuric acid As can be seen from the above formula, the standard electromotive force of the lead-acid battery is 1.690-(-0.0.356)=2.046V, so the nominal voltage of the battery is 2V. The electromotive force of a lead-acid battery is related to temperature and sulfuric acid concentration. Rated Capacity Under the conditions specified by the design (such as temperature, discharge rate, termination voltage, etc.), the minimum capacity that the battery should be able to discharge, in amps per hour, is indicated by the symbol C. The capacity is greatly affected by the discharge rate, so the discharge rate is often indicated by Arabic numerals in the lower right corner of the letter C, such as C20 = 50, indicating a capacity of 50 amps per hour at a 20 o'clock rate. The theoretical capacity of the battery can be accurately determined from the amount of the electrode active material in the battery reaction formula and the electrochemical equivalent of the active material calculated according to Faraday's law. Due to the side reactions that may occur in the battery and the special needs of the design, the actual capacity of the battery is often lower than the theoretical capacity. Rated voltage The typical operating voltage of a battery at room temperature, also known as the nominal voltage. It is a reference when using different types of batteries. The actual operating voltage of the battery varies with the strip pressure equal to the difference between the positive and negative electrode balancing electrode potentials. It is only related to the type of electrode active material, regardless of the amount of active substance. The battery voltage is essentially a DC voltage, but under certain special conditions, the phase change of the metal crystal or some phase-forming film caused by the electrode reaction causes a slight fluctuation of the voltage. This phenomenon is called noise. The amplitude of the fluctuation is small but the frequency range is very wide, so it can be distinguished from the self-excited noise in the circuit. Open circuit voltage The terminal voltage of the battery in the open state is called the open circuit voltage. The open circuit voltage of the battery is equal to the difference between the positive electrode potential of the battery and the electrode potential of the negative electrode when the battery is open (ie, when no current flows through the two poles). The open circuit voltage of the battery is expressed by V, that is, V on = Ф + - Ф -, where Ф +, Ф - are the positive and negative electrode potentials of the battery, respectively. The open circuit voltage of a battery is generally less than its electromotive force. This is because the electrode potential established by the two poles of the battery in the electrolyte solution is usually not the equilibrium electrode potential but the stable electrode potential. Generally, it can be approximated that the open circuit voltage of the battery is the electromotive force of the battery. Internal resistance The internal resistance of the battery refers to the resistance that is received when current passes through the inside of the battery. It includes ohmic internal resistance and polarization internal resistance, and polarization internal resistance includes electrochemical polarization internal resistance and concentration polarization internal resistance. Due to the internal resistance, the operating voltage of the battery is always less than the electromotive force or open circuit voltage of the battery. The internal resistance of the battery is not constant and changes with time (gradually large) during charging and discharging, because the composition of the active material, the concentration and temperature of the electrolyte are constantly changing. The ohmic internal resistance follows Ohm's law, and the polarization internal resistance increases with increasing current density, but is not linear. It often increases as the current density increases. Internal resistance is an important indicator to determine the performance of the battery. It directly affects the operating voltage, operating current, output energy and power of the battery. For batteries, the internal resistance is as small as possible. impedance The battery has a large electrode-electrolyte interface area, so the battery can be equivalent to a series circuit of a large capacitance and a small resistance and inductance. However, the actual situation is much more complicated, especially the impedance of the battery varies with time and DC level, and the measured impedance is only valid for a specific measurement state. Charge rate Sometimes there are two representations of rate and magnification. The time rate is the charge and discharge rate expressed by the charge and discharge time, and is numerically equal to the number of hours obtained by dividing the rated capacity (A·h) of the battery by the predetermined charge and discharge current (A). Magnification is another representation of the rate of charge and discharge, the value of which is the reciprocal of the rate of time. The discharge rate of the primary battery is expressed as the time to discharge to the termination voltage via a certain fixed resistance. The discharge rate has a large impact on battery performance. life Storage life refers to the maximum time allowed to store between the time the battery is manufactured and the time it is used. The total term including the storage period and the usage period is called the expiration date of the battery. The life of the storage battery is divided into dry storage life and wet storage life. The cycle life is the maximum number of charge and discharge cycles that the battery can reach under the specified conditions. The system of charge and discharge cycle test must be specified at the specified cycle life, including charge and discharge rate, discharge depth and ambient temperature range. Self-discharge rate The rate at which the battery loses its capacity during storage. The capacity lost by self-discharge in the unit storage time is expressed as a percentage of the capacity before storage. Related calculation Where E is the electromotive force, r is the internal resistance of the power supply, the internal voltage U is =Ir, E=U is +U Scope of application: any circuit Energy conversion in a closed circuit: E=U+Ir EI=UI+I^2R P release = EI P output = UI Pure resistance circuit P output = I^2R =E^2R/(R+r)^2 =E^2/(R^2+2r+r^2/R) P output is maximum when r=R, P output=E^2/4r (mean inequality) 3, manual knowledge Normal charging Different batteries have their own characteristics, and the user must charge according to the method indicated by the manufacturer's instructions. In the standby state, the phone also consumes the battery. If you want to charge quickly, you should turn off the phone or remove the battery to charge it. fast charging Some automated smart quick chargers only indicate that they are full 90% when the indicator signal changes. The charger will automatically switch to slow charging to fully charge the battery. It is best for the user to fully charge the battery before use, otherwise it will shorten the use time. Memory effect If the battery is a nickel-cadmium battery, it will not be completely charged and discharged for a long time, which will leave marks in the battery and reduce the battery capacity. This phenomenon is called battery memory effect. Eliminate memory The method is to completely discharge the battery and then refill it. The discharge can be performed by a discharger or a charger with a discharge function, or by using a standby mode of the mobile phone. If the discharge is to be accelerated, the illumination of the display screen and the telephone button can be turned on. To ensure that the battery can be refilled, follow the instructions in the instructions to control the time, repeat charging and discharging two or three times. Battery storage Lithium batteries can be stored in a clean, dry and ventilated room with an ambient temperature of -5 ° C - 35 ° C and a relative humidity of not more than 75%. Avoid contact with corrosive substances and keep away from fire and heat sources. Battery power is maintained at 30% to 50% of nominal capacity. The recommended storage battery is charged every 6 months. Optional battery 1. Purchase battery products with “National Exemption†and “China Famous Brand†logos and local brand-name battery products. The quality of these products is guaranteed. 2. According to the requirements of the electrical appliance, select the applicable battery type and size, and purchase the battery suitable for the electrical appliance according to the size and characteristics of the electrical power consumption. 3, pay attention to check the battery production date and shelf life, buy batteries (new batteries), the new battery performance is good. 4. Pay attention to the appearance of the battery. You should purchase a battery that is exquisitely packaged, neat and clean, and has no signs of leakage. 5, pay attention to the battery logo, the battery trademark should be marked with the name of the manufacturer, battery polarity, battery model, nominal voltage, trademark, etc.; on the sales package (such as 2 heat shrink or 4 heat shrink, or tag hanging card) There should be a Chinese site, production date and shelf life or the expiration date of the expiration date and the number of the implementation standard (generally the national standard GB/T××××-××××). Do not purchase products that have no Chinese factory name, no production date and shelf life, or no expiration date, and no standard of implementation. When buying an alkaline zinc-manganese battery, look for the model with or without ALKALINE or LR. 6. Since the mercury in the battery is harmful to the environment, in order to protect the environment, the battery with the words “no mercuryâ€, “0% mercury†and “no mercury added†should be selected at the time of purchase. 4, chemical battery A chemical battery refers to a device that converts the chemical energy of a positive electrode and a negative electrode active material into electrical energy by an electrochemical reaction. After long-term research and development, chemical batteries have ushered in a wide variety of applications and applications. A large installation that can accommodate as many as a building, as small as a millimeter. Serving us for a better life all the time. The development of modern electronic technology places high demands on chemical batteries. Every breakthrough in chemical battery technology has brought about a revolutionary development of electronic devices. People in modern society are increasingly inseparable from chemical batteries in their daily lives. Many electrochemical scientists in the world have focused their interest on the field of chemical batteries that are powered by electric vehicles. Battery difference The distinction between dry and liquid batteries is limited to the period of early battery development. The earliest battery consisted of a glass container filled with electrolyte and two electrodes. Later, a battery based on a paste electrolyte was introduced, also called a dry battery. There are still "liquid" batteries. It is generally a very large variety. Such as large fixed-type lead-acid batteries as uninterruptible power supplies or lead-acid batteries used with solar cells. For mobile devices, some use a fully sealed, maintenance-free lead-acid battery that has been used successfully for many years, where the electrolyte sulfuric acid is fixed by silicone gel or absorbed by a fiberglass separator. Disposable batteries and rechargeable batteries Disposable batteries are commonly referred to as "discarded" batteries. Because they are exhausted, they cannot be recharged and can only be discarded. Common disposable batteries include alkaline manganese batteries, zinc-manganese batteries, lithium batteries, zinc batteries, zinc-air batteries, zinc-mercury batteries, mercury batteries, hydrogen-oxygen batteries, and magnesium-manganese batteries. Rechargeable batteries are different in terms of materials and processes. Commonly used are lead-acid batteries, nickel-cadmium batteries, nickel-iron batteries, nickel-hydrogen batteries, and lithium-ion batteries. The advantage is that the cycle life is long, they can be fully charged and discharged more than 200 times, and some rechargeable batteries have higher load capacity than most disposable batteries. In the use of ordinary nickel-cadmium and nickel-hydrogen batteries, the unique memory effect causes inconvenience in use and often causes premature failure. Nickel-cadmium batteries Charging time The theoretical charging time of the battery: the battery's power divided by the charger's output current. For example, taking a battery with a power of 800mAh as an example, the output current of the charger is 500mA, then the charging time is equal to 800mAh/500mA=1.6 hours. When the charger shows that the charging is completed, it is better to give the battery for about half an hour. The charge time. 5, battery classification The fuel cell The fuel cell A fuel cell is a device that directly converts the chemical energy of a fuel into an electrical energy through an electrochemical reaction. A fuel cell uses an oxygen reaction at the anode to oxidize hydrogen to hydrogen ions, and oxygen is reduced at the cathode. Hydrogen ions from the anode combine to form water. Current can be generated during the redox reaction. Fuel cell technologies include the appearance of alkaline fuel cells (AFC), phosphoric acid fuel cells (PAFC), proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC), molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFC), solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC), And direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC), etc., among which, the fuel cell technology using methanol oxidation reaction as a positive electrode reaction is actively developed by the industry. Dry battery A commonly used one is a carbon-zinc dry battery. The negative electrode is a cylinder made of zinc, which contains ammonium chloride as an electrolyte, a small amount of zinc chloride, an inert filler and a paste-like electrolyte prepared by water. The positive electrode is a carbon surrounded by a paste electrolyte doped with manganese dioxide. Baton. The electrode reaction is such that the zinc atom at the negative electrode becomes zinc ion (Zn++), and electrons are released, and the ammonium ion (NH4+) at the positive electrode obtains electrons to become ammonia gas and hydrogen gas. The hydrogen dioxide is used to drive off the hydrogen to eliminate the polarization. The electromotive force is about 1.5 volts. Lead storage batteries are most commonly used. The plates are made of lead alloy and the electrolyte is dilute sulfuric acid. Both plates are covered with lead sulfate. However, after charging, the lead sulfate on the positive electrode plate is converted into lead dioxide, and the lead sulfate at the negative electrode is converted into metal lead. When discharging, a chemical reaction in the opposite direction occurs. Lead-acid batteries have an electromotive force of about 2 volts and are commonly used in series to form a battery pack of 6 volts or 12 volts. When the battery is discharged, the concentration of sulfuric acid is reduced, and the method of measuring the specific gravity of the electrolyte can be used to determine whether the battery needs to be charged or whether the charging process can be ended. The advantage of the lead storage battery is that the electromotive force is relatively stable during discharge, and the disadvantage is that it is smaller than the energy (the electric energy stored per unit weight) and is highly corrosive to the environment. It consists of a positive electrode plate group, a negative electrode plate group, an electrolyte solution, a container, and the like. The charged positive electrode plate is brown lead dioxide (PbO2), and the negative electrode plate is gray fleece lead (Pb). When the two plates are placed in a concentration of 27% to 37% sulfuric acid (H2SO4) aqueous solution, the pole The lead and sulfuric acid of the plate react chemically, and the divalent lead cation (Pb2+) is transferred to the electrolyte, leaving two electrons (2e-) on the negative plate. Due to the gravitational pull of positive and negative charges, lead positive ions accumulate around the negative electrode plate, while the positive electrode plate has a small amount of lead dioxide (PbO2) penetrating into the electrolyte under the action of water molecules in the electrolyte, wherein the two valence oxygen ions and water combine To make the lead dioxide molecule an unstable substance that can be dissociated - lead hydroxide [Pb(OH4]). Lead hydroxide consists of a tetravalent lead cation (Pb4+) and four hydroxy groups [4(OH)-]. The tetravalent lead positive ion (Pb4+) is left on the positive electrode plate to positively charge the positive electrode plate. Since the negative plate is negatively charged, a certain potential difference is generated between the two plates, which is the electromotive force of the battery. When the external circuit is turned on, the current flows from the positive electrode to the negative electrode. During the discharge process, the electrons on the negative electrode plate continuously flow to the positive electrode plate through the external circuit. At this time, the electrolyte is ionized into hydrogen positive ions (H+) and sulfate negative ions (SO42-) in the electrolyte, under the action of the ionic electric field. The two ions move to the positive and negative electrodes respectively, and the sulfate negative ions reach the negative electrode plate and combine with lead positive ions to form lead sulfate (PbSO4). On the positive electrode plate, due to the inflow of electrons from an external circuit, a tetravalent lead positive ion (Pb4+) is synthesized to synthesize a divalent lead positive ion (Pb2+), and immediately combines with a sulfate anion near the positive electrode plate to form lead sulfate adhesion. On the positive electrode. As the battery is discharged, both the positive and negative plates are vulcanized, and the sulfuric acid in the electrolyte is gradually reduced, and the water is increased, thereby causing the specific gravity of the electrolyte to decrease. In actual use, the specific gravity of the electrolyte can be determined to determine the battery. The degree of discharge. Under normal use, the lead storage battery should not be over-discharged, otherwise the fine lead sulfate crystal mixed with the active material will be formed into a larger body, which not only increases the resistance of the plate but also makes it difficult to recharge it during charging. The reduction directly affects the capacity and life of the reservoir. Lead battery charging is the reverse of the discharge process. Battery Lead storage batteries have a wide operating voltage, a wide range of operating temperatures and current ranges, hundreds of cycles of charge and discharge, good storage performance (especially suitable for dry charge storage), and low cost. The addition of nano-carbon sols with new lead alloys and electrolytes can improve the performance of lead-acid batteries. If lead-calcium alloy is used as the grid, the minimum float current of the lead battery can be ensured, the water supply can be reduced and the service life can be prolonged. The use of lead-lithium alloy casting the positive grid can reduce the self-discharge and meet the sealing requirements. In addition, the open lead storage battery should be gradually changed to a sealed type, and an acid-proof, explosion-proof and dehydrogenated lead storage battery should be developed. Lead crystal battery Lead crystal battery The lead-crystal battery is a proprietary technology. The high-conductive silicate electrolyte used is a complex modification of the traditional lead-acid battery electrolyte. The acid-free internalization process is an innovation of the shaping process. These technical processes are the first of its kind at home and abroad. The products have no pollution problems in production, use and waste, and are more in line with environmental protection requirements. Because lead-crystal batteries use silicate instead of sulfuric acid solution as electrolyte, they overcome lead-acid batteries. Short-lived, can not be a series of shortcomings of large current charge and discharge, more in line with the necessary conditions of the power battery, lead-crystal battery will also have a huge impetus to the field of power batteries. Iron nickel battery Also called Edison battery. Unlike lead acid batteries, which are acidic batteries, the electrolyte of iron-nickel batteries is an alkaline potassium hydroxide solution, which is an alkaline storage battery. The positive electrode is nickel oxide and the negative electrode is iron. The electromotive force is about 1.3 to 1.4 volts. Its advantages are light weight, long life and easy maintenance. The disadvantage is that the efficiency is not high. Nickel-cadmium battery The positive electrode is nickel hydroxide, the negative electrode is cadmium, and the electrolyte is a potassium hydroxide solution. Its advantages are light weight, shock resistance and long life, and it is often used in small electronic devices. Silver zinc battery The positive electrode is silver oxide, the negative electrode is zinc, and the electrolyte is a potassium hydroxide solution. The silver-zinc battery has a large specific energy, can discharge at a large current, is shock-resistant, and is used as a power source for space navigation, satellites, rockets, and the like. The number of charge and discharge can reach about 100 to 150 cycles. The disadvantage is that it is expensive and has a short service life. The fuel cell A device that directly converts the chemical energy released by a fuel during combustion into electrical energy. The difference from the battery is that it can continuously replenish fuel and oxidant from the outside to the two electrode regions without charging. The fuel cell is composed of four parts: a fuel (for example, hydrogen, methane, etc.), an oxidant (such as oxygen and air), an electrode, and an electrolyte. The electrode has catalytic properties and is porous to ensure a large active area. In operation, the fuel is passed to the negative electrode, and the oxidant is passed to the positive electrode, and each of them is electrochemically reacted under the catalysis of the electrode to obtain electric energy. The fuel cell directly converts the energy released by the combustion reaction into electrical energy, so its energy utilization rate is high, which is about twice the efficiency of the heat engine. In addition, it has the following advantages: 1 equipment is light; 2 no noise, less pollution; 3 can run continuously; 4 unit weight output power is high. Therefore, it has been applied in space navigation and has shown wide application prospects in various fields of military and civilian use. Solar battery A device that converts the energy of sunlight into electrical energy. When sunlight is irradiated, a terminal voltage is generated to obtain a current, and a solar cell used in a satellite or a spacecraft is made of a semiconductor (a commonly used silicon photo cell). When sunlight is applied to the surface of the solar cell, a potential difference is formed on both sides of the semiconductor PN junction. Its efficiency is above 10%, and the typical output power is 5-10 mW/cm2. Temperature difference battery When the two metals are connected to a closed circuit and maintain different temperatures at the two joints, an electromotive force is generated, that is, a thermoelectromotive force. This is called the Seebeck effect (see thermoelectric phenomenon). This device is called a thermocouple or a thermocouple. Metal thermocouples produce a small temperature difference with a small electromotive force that is commonly used to measure temperature differences. However, when the thermocouples are connected in series to form a thermopile, they can also be used as a low-power source. This is called a thermoelectric battery. A thermoelectric battery made of a semiconductor material has a strong thermoelectric effect. Nuclear battery A device that directly converts nuclear energy into electrical energy (nuclear power generation devices use nuclear fission energy to heat steam to drive generators to generate electricity, and nuclear energy released during nuclear fission cannot be directly converted into electrical energy). A typical nuclear battery includes a radioactive source that radiates beta rays (high-speed electron currents) (e.g., helium-90), a current collector that collects these electrons, and three parts of the insulator through which the electrons pass from the radioactive source to the current collector. One end of the radioactive source becomes a positive electrode due to loss of negative electric power, and one end of the current collector is negatively charged to become a negative electrode. A potential difference is formed between the radioactive source and the electrodes at both ends of the current collector. This type of nuclear battery can generate high voltage, but the current is small. It is used in satellites and spacecraft for long-term use. Primary battery After one discharge (continuous or intermittent) until the battery capacity is exhausted, it is no longer possible to effectively restore the battery to the pre-discharge state by the charging method. Features are easy to carry, no maintenance, and can be stored or used for long periods of time (months or even years). The primary batteries mainly include zinc-manganese batteries, zinc-mercury batteries, zinc-air batteries, solid electrolyte batteries, and lithium batteries. Zinc-manganese batteries are divided into dry batteries and alkaline The original battery that was produced in the earliest and still mass production. There are two types of cylindrical and laminated structures. Its characteristics are easy to use, low price, abundant raw material sources, suitable for a large number of automated production. However, the discharge voltage is not stable enough, and the capacity is greatly affected by the discharge rate. Suitable for small to medium discharge rate and intermittent discharge. The new zinc-manganese dry battery uses a high-concentration zinc chloride electrolyte, an excellent manganese dioxide powder and a paperboard layer structure to double the capacity and life and improve the sealing performance. Alkaline zinc-manganese battery A zinc-manganese battery in which an alkaline electrolyte is used instead of a neutral electrolyte. Available in cylindrical and button styles. The advantages of this type of battery are large capacity, stable voltage, continuous discharge at high current, and operation at low temperatures (-40 ° C). This battery can be charged and discharged dozens of times under specified conditions. Zinc mercury battery Invented by S. Robin of the United States, it is also known as Robin Battery. It was the first small battery invented. Available in button type and cylindrical type. The discharge voltage is stable and can be used as a voltage standard that is less demanding. The disadvantage is poor low temperature performance (can only be used above 0 °C) and mercury is toxic. Zinc-mercury batteries have gradually been replaced by other series of batteries. Zinc air battery The oxygen in the air is used as the positive electrode active material, and therefore the specific capacity is large. There are two series of alkaline and neutral, and there are two types of structure: wet and dry. The wet battery is only alkaline, and the NaOH is used as the electrolyte. The price is low, and a large capacity (100 ampere-hour or more) fixed battery is used for the railway signal. Dry batteries are available in both alkaline and neutral. Neutral air dry batteries are rich in raw materials and low in price, but can only work at low currents. The alkaline air dry battery can discharge at a large current, and has a larger specific energy, and the continuous discharge performance is better than the intermittent discharge performance. All air dry batteries are affected by ambient humidity, have a short service life, and have poor reliability and cannot be used in a sealed state. Solid electrolyte battery The solid ion conductor is used as an electrolyte, and is classified into two types: high temperature and normal temperature. High-temperature sodium-sulfur batteries can work at high currents. At room temperature, there is a silver iodine battery with a voltage of 0.6 volts, which is expensive and has not yet been applied. A lithium iodine battery has been used with a voltage of 2.7 volts. This battery is highly reliable and can be used in pacemakers. However, this battery discharge current can only reach the micro-ampere level. Alkaline battery Alkaline batteries are the most successful high-capacity dry batteries and are one of the most cost-effective batteries available today. The alkaline battery is manganese dioxide as the positive electrode, zinc as the negative electrode, and potassium hydroxide as the electrolyte. It is superior in characteristics to carbon batteries and has a large capacitance. The chemical equation is: Zn+2MnO2+2H2O==2MnOOH+Zn(OH)2 structure lithium battery A battery with lithium as the negative electrode. It is a new high-energy battery developed after the 1960s. According to the electrolyte used, it is divided into: 1 high temperature molten salt lithium battery; 2 organic electrolyte lithium battery; 3 inorganic nonaqueous electrolyte lithium battery; 4 solid electrolyte lithium battery; 5 lithium water battery. The advantage of the lithium battery is that the single battery has high voltage, large specific energy, long storage life (up to 10 years), high and low temperature performance, and can be used at -40 to 150 °C. The disadvantage is that it is expensive and not safe. In addition, voltage lag and safety issues need to be improved. The development of power batteries and new cathode materials, especially the development of lithium iron phosphate materials, has greatly contributed to the development of lithium batteries. Reserve battery There are two ways to activate, one is to separate the electrolyte and the electrode, and activate the electrolyte before injecting it into the battery pack, such as magnesium seawater battery, reserve chromic acid battery and zinc silver battery. The other is to use a molten salt electrolyte. The electrolyte is not conductive at normal temperature, and the electrolyte is activated by rapidly igniting the heating agent before use, which is called a heat battery. The battery can be made of calcium, magnesium or lithium alloy as the negative electrode, the eutectic of KCl and LiCl is electrolyte, CaCrO4.PbSO4 or V2O5 is positive electrode, and zirconium powder or iron powder is used as heating agent. Long-term storage (more than 10 years) with a fully sealed structure. Standard battery The most famous is the Wheatstone standard battery, which is divided into saturated and unsaturated. Its standard electromotive force is 1.01864 volts (20 ° C). The temperature coefficient of the unsaturated type is about 1/4 of the saturated type. 6, dry battery A dry battery is the most commonly used type. A dry battery is different from wet cells because their electrolytes are contained in low-moisture pastes, while wet cells have electrolytes contained in liquids, hence the name difference. The chemical reaction within the battery produces a charged charge that flows from the inside to the external circuit, which is connected to an electrical device. Paste zinc It consists of a zinc tube, an electric paste layer, a manganese dioxide positive electrode, a carbon rod, a copper cap and the like. The outermost layer is the zinc cylinder, which is both the negative pole of the battery and the container. It is gradually dissolved during the discharge process; the center is a collecting carbon rod; the carbon rod is tightly wrapped around it. A mixture of dark brown or black manganese dioxide powder and a conductive material (graphite or acetylene black) which, together with the carbon rod, constitutes the positive electrode of the battery, also called a carbon pack. To avoid evaporation of moisture, the upper part of the dry battery is sealed with paraffin or asphalt. The electrode reaction in the operation of zinc-manganese dry battery is zinc electrode: Zn→Zn2++2e Cardboard zinc It is improved on the basis of paste-type zinc-manganese dry battery. It is based on high-quality kraft paper with a thickness of 70-100 microns and free of metal impurities. The surface is coated with a tuned paste and then dried to form a cardboard instead of paste in a paste-type zinc-manganese dry battery. Electrolyte layer. The actual discharge capacity of the cardboard type zinc-manganese dry battery is 2 to 3 times higher than that of the conventional paste type zinc-manganese dry battery. Most of the dry batteries labeled "High Performance" are cardboard. Alkaline zinc The electrolyte is formed by amalgamating zinc powder, 35% potassium hydroxide solution and some sodium carboxymethyl cellulose. Since the potassium hydroxide solution has a low freezing point and a small internal resistance, the alkaline zinc-manganese dry battery can operate at a temperature of -20 ° C and can discharge at a large current. Alkaline zinc-manganese dry batteries can be charged and discharged more than 40 times, but deep discharge cannot be performed before charging (retaining 60% to 70% of capacity), and the charging current and the end of charging period must be strictly controlled. Laminated zinc It consists of several compact flat cell units stacked together. Each unit cell consists of a plastic case, zinc skin, conductive film, and separator paper, carbon cake (positive electrode). The separator paper is a pulp paper having a starch layer on the surface of the electrolyte, which is attached to the zinc skin; the carbon paper cake is on the separator paper. The separator paper is like the electric paste layer of the paste dry battery, and functions to isolate the zinc skin anode and the carbon cake anode. The laminated zinc-manganese dry battery has the trouble of serially combining the cylindrical paste type dry batteries, and has a compact structure, a small volume, and a large volume specific capacity, but the storage life is short and the internal resistance is large, so the discharge current should not be too large. Alkaline battery Compared with the lead storage battery of the same capacity, it has a small volume, a long life, and can discharge at a large current, but the cost is high. Alkaline batteries are divided into iron-nickel, cadmium-nickel, zinc-silver batteries and other series according to the active material of the plates. Taking a cadmium-nickel battery as an example, the working principle of an alkaline storage battery is: after the active material of the battery plate is charged, the positive plate is nickel hydroxide [Ni(OH)3], and the negative plate is metal cadmium (Cd); At the termination, the positive electrode plate is converted into nickel oxyhydroxide [Ni(OH) 2 ], the negative electrode plate is converted into cadmium hydroxide [Cd(OH) 2 ], and the electrolyte solution is mostly a potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution. Air battery A high-energy battery in which oxygen in the air is used as a positive electrode active material and metal is used as a negative electrode active material. The metal used is generally magnesium, aluminum, zinc, cadmium, iron, etc.; the electrolyte is an aqueous solution. Among them, zinc-air batteries have become mature products. Metal-air batteries have a higher specific energy because air is not counted within the weight of the battery. The specific energy of the zinc-air battery is the highest among the currently produced batteries, which has reached 400 watt-hours/kg (Wh/kg). It is a high-performance medium-power battery and is developing in the direction of high-power batteries. The metal-air battery produced is mainly a primary battery; the secondary metal-air battery under development is a mechanical rechargeable battery with a replacement metal electrode. Since the metal-air battery is constantly supplied with air, it cannot operate in a sealed state or in an air-deficient environment. In addition, the electrolyte solution in the battery is susceptible to the influence of the humidity of the air to degrade the performance of the battery; the oxygen in the air passes through the air electrode and diffuses to the metal electrode, forming a corroded battery to cause self-discharge. Lithium manganese battery * High power type: o CR14250SL; CR14335SL; CR14505SL; CR2SL; CR123ASL; o CR17285SL; CR17335SL; CR17450SL; CR17505SL; CR17505SL; o CR18505SL; CR20505SL; CR26500SL; CR26600SL; CR34615SL; o 2C * Nominal voltage: 3.0V * Capacity * Structure: Spiral structure, laser sealed. Most suitable for high current discharge duration and pulse current * Large capacity type: o CR14250BL; CR14335BL; CR14505BL; CR17335BL; CR17450BL * Spool structure, laser seal * Suitable for low current long-term use Nano battery Nano is 10^(-9) meters, nano-cells are made of nano-materials (such as nano-MnO2, LiMn2O4, Ni(OH)2, etc.). Nanomaterials have special microstructure and physicochemical properties (such as quantum size effect). Surface effect and tunnel quantum effect, etc. At present, the mature nano-battery of domestic technology is nano-activated carbon fiber battery, which is mainly used in electric vehicles, electric motorcycles and electric bicycles. The battery can be charged and cycled 1000 times, and it can be used continuously for about 10 years. It takes only about 20 minutes for a single charge, 400km for a flat road, and 128kg for a single trip. It has surpassed the battery level of countries such as the US and Japan. They produce a nickel-hydrogen battery stroke of 300km. Lithium iron phosphate battery The lithium iron phosphate battery refers to a lithium ion battery using lithium iron phosphate as a positive electrode material. There are many kinds of positive electrode materials for lithium ion batteries, mainly lithium cobaltate, lithium manganate, lithium nickelate, ternary materials, lithium iron phosphate and the like. Among them, lithium cobaltate is the cathode material used in most lithium ion batteries, and other cathode materials have not been mass produced in the market for various reasons. Lithium iron phosphate is also one of the lithium ion batteries. In principle, lithium iron phosphate is also an embedding/deintercalation process, which is identical to lithium cobaltate and lithium manganate. 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Full battery analysis
1, a brief description of the principle