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However, science and technology are a double-edged sword. All the tools and products created by mankind in history have always contributed to the progress of mankind with a certain degree of danger. Technological advances are always accompanied by new risks, and pesticides can hardly be avoided. Regarding the extensiveness and seriousness of the impact of pesticide pollution, in 1982, Japanese scholars saw Li Zhaozheng as summarizing it. It involved many aspects of the economy, the environment, and social life; it was caused by the use of pesticides by Pimentel et al. in economics. Losses have also been analyzed. The results show that the use of pesticides caused direct losses (earnings of natural enemies, resistance enhancement, and crop damage) to U.S. farmer households of nearly 3 billion U.S. dollars a year; the total social and environmental costs were as high as 8 billion U.S. dollars, equivalent to the U.S. Chemical pesticides have a value of 50% of the US$16.2 billion. It shows that when chemical pesticides produce an economic benefit, they also produce half of the negative environmental effects, which shows that the pollution of pesticides and the losses caused by them are quite serious.
China is a large agricultural country. With the rapid and sustained development of the national economy, the production of pesticides in China has increased nearly threefold in recent 10 years, from 233,000 t in 1993 to 863,000 t in 2003; the use of pesticides has been from 226,000 t. It increased to 259,000 t, an increase of 14.6%. China's pesticide industry has a weak foundation, and the level of scientific research on pesticides is lagging behind. The status of the pesticide industry can be summarized as:
There are many varieties of pesticides, low quality, simple methods of use, large amounts, low efficiency, high residue levels in agricultural products, and serious environmental pollution. This article analyzes the impact of pesticide residues on China's agricultural production and proposes a preliminary solution.
1 Impact of pesticide residues on China's agriculture and economic development With the continuous advancement of market economy and world economic integration, pesticide residues as a technical barrier will seriously impede China's agricultural production and economic development. Its influence is specifically reflected in the following three aspects.
Pesticide Residue Affects People's Quality of Life In recent years, China's agriculture has entered a period of transition from quantity to quality, people's quality of life and consumption levels have been continuously improved, and the demand for quality and safety of agricultural products is also increasing, and the consumption of green agricultural products is increasing. Natural and green consumption has become fashionable. Pesticide residues are the key factors affecting the quality and safety of agricultural products, and they are also the hot issues most concerned by government departments and the majority of urban and rural residents. Judging from the current commercial agricultural products, the products that can pass the pesticide residue test are relatively few, and the living needs of the people are very far apart. The situation of pesticide residues in many agricultural products is worrying. Food poisoning incidents occur from time to time. Seriously endangered the people's health. From 1992 to 1996, according to incomplete statistics from 26 provinces and municipalities, a total of 247,349 cases of pesticide poisoning were reported in the country during the five years, with an average annual mortality rate of 9.95%, of which 61 102 cases (24.7%) were due to productive poisoning, and 89.5 % were due to In addition, methyl parathion and methamidophos, the most highly toxic organophosphorus insecticides, were responsible for the use of insecticides. From 1997 to 2003, a total of 108,372 pesticide poisonings were reported in the country, of which 27,511 were production poisonings. There were 80 861 cases of sexual poisoning, accounting for 25.39% and 74.61% of the total cases of poisoning.
Pesticide residues severely limit the foreign trade of China's agricultural and sideline products. Currently, the supply of bulk agricultural products in the world is in excess of demand, and the international market is paying more and more attention to the quality of agricultural products. Countries are increasingly strict with the technical requirements for quality, health, and safety of imported agricultural products, especially in Europe. The developed countries such as the United States, Japan, and the United States have made regulations on pesticides and veterinary drug residues in agricultural products, and other toxic and hazardous substance standards to a nearly exacting level. The threshold has become higher and higher and has become a technical barrier and a green barrier. ". For example, the Japanese “Japanese chlorpyrifos†residue standard for Chinese spinach is not more than 0.01 mg/kg, but the limit standard for large-scale production of radish in China is as high as 3 mg/kg, a difference of 300 times. Because of its numerous names, complex and changeable features, and concealment of camouflage, the export of agricultural products in China has frequently been blocked. Due to excessive pesticide residues, the phenomenon of rejection, return, or destruction often occurs. According to statistics, green barriers cause the annual export loss of China's agricultural products to be equal to 20% of the total export value of the year, with a value of up to several billion yuan.
Pesticide residues hinder the development of green agriculture in China Green agriculture has narrow and broad understandings. Narrowly defined green agriculture refers to the production and development of green food. Broadly defined green agriculture is different from traditional agriculture and modern agriculture. It is an agricultural production system based on modern science and technology that fully utilizes and protects natural resources. It is an open, efficient, low-consumption, pollution-free agricultural system.
The development of green agriculture is the need for sustainable development of agriculture and is also the trend and trend of global agricultural development. However, the current status of agricultural production in China is not commensurate with this requirement and trend. One of the reasons lies in pesticide residues. Food, vegetables, and other agricultural products are difficult to cross the "green barriers" of foreign countries because of excessive residue, and are at a disadvantage in international competition, posing a serious threat to the development of open agriculture. This situation does not change. There is no way to talk about the construction and development of green agriculture in China.
From the above, it can be seen that solving the problem of pesticide residues is a key issue for protecting people's life safety, improving the quality of agricultural products, enhancing the competitiveness of agricultural product markets, and increasing farmers' income. The fundamental principle for reducing or eliminating pesticide residues lies in clarifying the development direction of pesticides in China and vigorously developing "pollution-free pesticides."
2 Countermeasures and Suggestions for Resolving Pesticide Residues Insisting on Correct Pesticide Development At present, research and production of pesticides have gradually assumed safety and environmental compatibility as the prerequisite and basis. People have reached a consensus that future pesticides should be called "pollution-free pesticides." However, “pollution-free pesticides†is only a subjective desire of the public for the development direction of pesticides, which includes the meaning of “zero risk†and “zero residue†for pesticides. Based on our national conditions, the currently recognized development direction of pesticides is "high efficiency, safety, economy, and convenience." The specific discussion is as follows:
High efficiency: mainly refers to the types and varieties of pesticides that require research and development of specific targets, methods of action, high biological activity, and very low application rates per unit area. These varieties are highly effective for control subjects, and their development can be chemical synthesis, but more attention should be paid to the discovery of natural products.
Safety: On the one hand, the active ingredients of pesticides are required to have low toxicity and a high degree of safety for humans, livestock, beneficial organisms, and ecological environment; on the one hand, it is necessary to improve the application technology and minimize the use of pesticides, humans, livestock, and non-targets. Bio-environmental contact maximizes the control and protection of pharmaceuticals.
Economics: Considering the effectiveness of control, we must also consider the economic benefits. We must choose the species, dosage, time, and method of pesticide use from the best-benefit areas to achieve the objectives of increasing production, increasing income, less investment, and more revenue.
Convenience: With the goal of being easy to use and easy to exert its efficacy, new dosage forms and new methods and techniques for application are being developed. At the same time, the effects of the additives used in the formulation on people, animals and the environment should also be considered. Concentrated emulsions and microemulsions (water-based emulsifiable concentrates), suspending agents, water-dispersible granules, surface floating agents, sustained-release agents, multi-functional mixed preparations, etc., spreading methods, seed coating agents, seed treatment methods, high performance sprayers, etc. It is the current development and research direction. In addition, new products that integrate pharmaceuticals and drug delivery devices are an important research direction.
Vigorously develop new types of pollution-free pesticides and create new types of chemical pesticides: In recent years, chemical pesticides developed and being developed by major companies in the world have focused on unique mechanisms, asymmetric structures, and heterocyclic compounds. These compounds have relatively high safety, high efficiency, and no cross-resistance with other insecticides. With the implementation of the world’s intellectual property and patent laws in China, we must take the path of complete creation in addition to making full use of the patent strategy and accelerating the development of those patent products that are not yet produced in the country, and that have a market that is about to expire or have expired. In particular, we must keep up with the research trends of international chemical pesticides. For us, this is a difficult road, but only in this way can we gradually shorten the gap with the international pesticide industry, and gradually improve China's pesticide industry system.
Devote major efforts to the development of biological pesticides and pay attention to the research and development of plant-derived pesticides:
In the 21st century, plant protection is characterized by controlling losses caused by pests and diseases within economically allowable scope, focusing on regulating and controlling the density of pest populations and ensuring ecological balance, rather than maximizing the killing of pests. Biological pesticide control strategies are in line with this requirement. China is a large country of biological pesticides and has a long history of research and application of biological pesticides. It also has a world front rank in product development. Although the development of biological pesticides is an important way to create new pesticides, it should also focus on specific research and development. For our country, microbial source pesticides and plant-derived pesticides should be the mainstream of the development of biological pesticides, especially the development of plant-derived pesticides. The development of new plant-derived pesticides is a new type of pesticide that was created on the basis of traditional Chinese medicine of the Chinese nation, based on the discovery of our own plant resources and in accordance with the requirements of the pesticide process.
In particular, the direct use of plant materials for the production of pesticide formulations has basically no intellectual property issues. The target of action and mechanism of action of such pesticides are relatively special. For example, azadirachtin has antifeedant effects on some insects and can stop the development of many insects. It is a plant-derived endocrine hormone antagonist, and its target is the brain nerve secretion system and heart. The lateral body and the pre-thymus gland disturb the endocrine of insects, affect the synthesis and release of prothymosin (PTTH), reduce the induction of PTTH by the anterior thymus, and cause the deficiency of synthesis and secretion of 20-hydroxyecdysone, resulting in metamorphosis and development of insects. Blocked. At present, our country has a leading position in this field. From 1985 to September 2004, China applied for 787 invention patents in the field of plant pesticide technology, including 739 domestic applications, accounting for 94% of the total number of plant pesticide patents, and foreign applications. 48, accounting for only 6% of the application amount of plant pesticides, and have registered and produced a variety of botanical insecticides, which deserves attention.
To adjust and optimize the product structure of pesticide formulations: In order to reduce or eliminate the “public hazards†of pesticides, pesticide formulations are moving in the direction of water-based, granular, multi-functional, labor-saving and refined, and some efficient, safe, economic, and labor-saving dosage forms. Is emerging, and will replace some of the most contaminated creams, powders and other dosage forms. Concentrated emulsions, microemulsions, etc. are all based on water as media formulations, which can solve the problem of large solvent toxicity in emulsifiable concentrates; suspensions without non-dust effect or particulate humectants can replace wettable powders. Seed coating agents, water dispersible granules, dry flow agents, dry liquid injections, hot mists, microcapsules, pastilles, sachets, gels, films and tablets are all "harmless" formulations. Should be vigorously developed. In addition, controlled release agents with controlled release, controlled release time, and controlled release space are also an important direction for the study of new pesticide formulations.
The introduction of bioengineering technology into the development and production of pesticides:
After a significant change in the global pesticide market after 1996, agricultural biotechnology products were included in the pesticide sales market. Of course, these biotech products mainly refer to genetically modified products, including bio-engineering products such as insect-resistant crops and herbicide-tolerant crops. In addition, bioengineering technology has been widely used in various fields of pesticide research. In the development of plant-derived pesticides, the shortage of plant resources is a bottleneck that limits its industrialization. With the development of modern biotechnology, the use of plant cell culture to produce plant active substances can solve this problem. The use of cell culture methods to produce pyrethrum and other plant pesticidal secondary metabolites has made great progress, and some have gradually achieved industrialization. In addition, research on the production of plant-derived active substances using hairy root cultures, endophytic fermentations, etc. is also on the rise.
Strengthen the management of the pesticide market: Compared with developed countries, China's management level differs at least by 60 to 70 years. The supervision and management of the pesticide market should be further strengthened to strengthen the construction of a pesticide management system.
China had signed the Rotterdam Convention6 in August 19996 and the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress passed a resolution on December 29, 2004 to approve the Rotterdam Convention6. In order to promote the sound management of chemicals and pesticides, we must further strengthen the construction of pesticide laws and regulations, standardize the management of pesticides, improve the safety assessment methods for pesticides, improve the technical level of pesticide evaluation, and improve the requirements for pesticide registration data. In addition, we must actively and reasonably introduce foreign varieties of good pesticides, modern technologies and equipment, advanced management and management measures, or set up joint ventures so that equipment, technology, management, and production and quality can both be on the same level and on a higher level.
The establishment of a group company will coordinate the production, operation and sales of pesticides: the merger, reorganization, and creation of pesticide companies will be the development trend of the world's pesticide industry. For example, at the end of 2000, Novartis merged with Zilicon to establish Syngenta and became the world's largest pesticide company. In 2001, Bayer acquired Aventis and established Bayer as the second largest company. Under the influence of this international climate, and at the same time aiming at the highly dispersed nature of China's current pesticide industry, it is necessary to divide labor, enterprise mergers, or internal reorganization by region or industry, and set up large-scale group companies to make pesticide production enterprises. Larger. This will help companies increase their investment in scientific research, enhance their ability to develop pesticides, and increase their market share. At the same time, it will also facilitate the unified organization of sales of pesticide products and the production and supply of raw materials and intermediates for pesticide production. In particular, it is necessary to develop comprehensiveness. Chemical companies. This can significantly enhance the strength of the company, improve the company's work efficiency, economic efficiency and market competitiveness.
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Effects of Pesticide Residues on China's Agriculture and Economic Development
As an important agricultural production material, chemical pesticides have played a huge role in promoting human civilization and social progress.